Part of Speech

PARTS OF SPEECH:

a.        Verb : swim : swims, swam, swum, swimming

b.        Noun : chair : chairman, head : headmaster; cloud : cloudy

c.        Pronoun : I : me/my/mine; we : our/ours/us

d.        Adjective : happy : happily/happiness/happier/happiest

e.        Adverb

f.         Preposition

g.        Conjunction

h.        Interjection

• Syntax: The study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language.
• Syntactics: Science which studies the elements of sentence structure and interrelationshios with the rules governing the arrangement of sentences in sequences.
• Affixation is the process of attaching an inflection or, more generally, a bound morpheme to a word. This can occur at the beginning or end and occasionally in the middle of a word form.
•  Affixes are classified into three types:

1. Prefixes: Those which are added to the beginning of root or stem such as “unhappy”
2. Infixes: Those which occur within a root/stem. They are not commonly found in European languages.
3. Suffixes: Those which follow a root/stem such as “happiness”.

4 level of linguistic analysis:

• Sound level
• Morphological level
• Syntactic level
• Semantic level

The morphological level of analysis is concerned with meaningful units. These units are called morphemes. It is defined as the smallest meaningful units of grammatical description, since they cannot by analyzed any further at this level. Morphology studies the internal structure of words, that is the ways in which morphemes function as constituents of word structure. For example, the word unconditionally may be said to consist of four morphemes: un – condition – al – ly. Condition is a free morpheme, since it can occur on its own. The other three morphemes are bound, since they must always co-occur with free morphemes. English words consist of one or more free morphemes (book, bookcase, bookshop, bookworm) or of combination of free and bound morphemes (kindness, unkind, kindly, unkindly).

Having established the structure of words at the morphological level, we can go on to examine how words can be put together to form larger grammatical units. Words combine to form larger units called phrases, which, in turn to combine to form sentences. This is the business of syntax to establish the set of rules that specify which combinations of words constitute grammatical strings and which do not.

In short, morpheme is the minimal unit of grammatical description in the sense that it cannot be segmented any further at the grammatical level of analysis. While Syntax is a part of linguistic, this studies rearrangement and interrelationship of word, phrases, clauses, and sentences. In other words, it is the study of how combine words become a larger unit.

• Words : The smallest units or the smallest free form.
• A group of phoneme/letter that has meaning, e.g. car, book, pen
• Phoneme : The smallest meaningful unit, e.g. book /bUk/ 3 phoneme
• Phrase : Group of words that doesn’t has S and P but has meaning.
• A group of word that has meaning
• Clause : Consist of S and V but can not stand alone because it is part of sentence and has meaning, e.g. what she knows
• Sentence : The largest grammatical unit consisting phrase, clause, sentence that used to express a statement, question and comment.
• Consist of S and V, can stand alone and has meaning and sometimes consist more than one clause, e.g. I wrote a letter yesterday

There are signals of syntactic structure:

1. Word-order—the linear of time sequence in which word appear in an utterance, or the positions of words relative to each other in time.
2. Prosody—musical pattern of stress, pitch and juncture in which the words an utterance are spoken, or combination or patterns of pitch, stress and juncture.
3. Function word—words with little or no lexical meaning which are used in combining other words into larger structures.

Words largely divide of lexical meaning that used to indicate various functional relationship among the lexical words of an utterance (doesn’t have meaning in grammatical but in lexical), e.g. Does she go there?

There are nine types of function word:

• noun determiner; all, twice, one, third, a, an, this, that, these, those, etc.
• auxiliaries; verb, is, am, are, has, have, do, does, did, will
• qualifiers/ compare; fairly, merely, very, pretty, quite, etc.
• preposition; in, on, at, of, over, etc
• conjunction/ coordinator; and, but, nor…or, not only…but also, etc
• interrogator; who, which, what, etc
• includes; when, like, that, whatever, etc
• sentence linkers; consequently, accordingly, however, even though, as a result
• miscellaneous/ interjection

There are two kinds of meaning:

1. Lexical meaning : the meaning of morphemes and words considered in isolation (dictionary meaning).
2. Grammatical/structural meaning: the meaning of the way words are combined in larger structures (sentence)

A sentence is sequence of selected syntactic items combined into a unit in accordance with certain patterns of arrangement, modification, and intonation in any given language.

A sentence is any string of morphemes ending with a final intonation pattern.

To provide the means for analyzing sentences or any other syntactic entities, two terms are used: construction and constituent. A construction is any complete group of words or morphemes. A constituent is a morphemes, a combination of morphemes, or a construction that is a component of a construction.

Basic elements of the sentence.

Subject + Predicate.

Subject:

The subject of a sentence is the person, place, thing, or idea that is doing or being something. You can find the subject of a sentence if you can find the verb. Ask the question, "Who or what ‘verbs’ or ‘verbed’?" and the answer to that question is the subject.

Predicate:

A predicate is the completer of a sentence. The subject names the "do-er" or "be-er“ of the sentence; the predicate does the rest of the work. A simple predicate consists of only a verb, verb string, or compound verb:

• The glacier melted.
• The glacier has been melting.
• The glacier melted, broke apart, and slipped into the sea.

1. Coordination (conjoining) is one of the basic syntactic devices from which parallel entities are arrangeed side by side.
2. Subordination (embedding) is combining two sentences into one sentence by using English relatives and subordinating conjuction.