Speech consists of sequences of sounds. The sounds of all languages divided into two main classes, consonants and vowles. Each consonants and vowel have their own way how to produce. As well as it name, articulation means how do the sound of the letter or words are produce. When we mention some words, automatically our vocal instrument reshaping in various shape or various ways to produce the various sound. Different consonantal sounds which have produced are according to the place of articulation. The movement of the tongue and lips when produce a sound is called by the articulators. In this section, we discuss the main consonantal place features or place of articulation.
Speech organs produce the many sounds needed when human speak. Human speech organs or instrument consist of several main part, they are lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx, oral cavity and nasal cavity. The lungs supply air stream when human produce sounds. Trachea is the pipe which connect the lungs to the upper speech organ, it flows air stream from the lungs to upper speech organs. Sound is generated in the larynx, and that is where pitch and volume are manipulated. The strength of expiration from the lungs also contributes to loudness. The pharynx is part of the digestive system and also the respiratory system; it is also important in vocalization. Pharinx is the part of the throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and superior to the esophagus and larynx. Nasal cavity or mouth is primary aspects of the voice are produced in the throat, the tongue, lips, and jaw are also needed to produce the range of sounds included in human language. The nasal cavity is a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face.
The active articulator usually moves in order to make the constriction. The passive articulator usually just sits there and gets approached. A sound's place of articulation is usually named by using the Latin ajective for the active articulator followed by the Latin adjective for the passive articulator. For example, a sound where the tongue tip approaches or touches the upper teeth is called an "apico-dental". Most of the common combinations of active and passive articulator have abbreviated names.
Human produce sounds by using air which comes from the lungs. The air that is used for speech is referred to as an airstream. When produce sound, the lungs supply the air stream to the upper speech organs through the trachea. The air stream vibrate the larynx and make sound then go to the pharynx. The sounds then will be organized by oral cavity and nasal cavity to make different sounds. The lips of the mouth can be used in a similar way to create a similar sound, as any toddler or trumpeter can demonstrate. A rubber balloon, inflated but not tied off and stretched tightly across the neck produces a squeak or buzz, depending on the tension across the neck and the level of pressure inside the balloon. Similar actions, with similar results, occur when the vocal cords are contracted or relaxed across the larynx.
There are several contrastive areas such that languages may distinguish consonants by articulating them in different areas, but few languages will contrast two sounds within the same area unless there is some other feature which contrasts as well. The following areas are contrastive, International Phonetic Alphabet recognises the following places of articulation (among others):
1. Bilabial
2. Labiodental
3. Dental
4. Alveolar
5. Postalveolar
6. Palatal
7. Velar
8. Uvular
9. Pharyngeal
10. Glottal
Bilabial
The articulators are the two lips. (We could say that the lower lip is the active articulator and the upper lip the passive articulator, though the upper lip usually moves too, at least a little.) English bilabial sounds include [p], [b], and [m].
Labio-dental
The lower lip is the active articulator and the upper teeth are the passive articulator. English labio-dental sounds include [f] and [v].
Dental
Dental sounds involve the upper teeth as the passive articulator. The active articulator may be either the tongue tip or (usually) the tongue blade -- diacritic symbols can be used if it matters which. Extreme lamino-dental sounds are often called interdental.
Alveolar
Alveolar sounds involve the alveolar ridge as the passive articulator. The active articulator may be either the tongue blade or (usually) the tongue tip -- diacritic symbols can be used if it matters which. English alveolar sounds include [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l].
Postalveolar
Postalveolar sounds involve the area just behind the alveolar ridge as the passive articulator. The active articulator may be either the tongue tip or (usually) the tongue blade -- diacritic symbols can be used if it matters which. Linguists have traditionally used very inconsistent terminology in referring to the postalveolar POA. Some of the terms you may encounter for it include: palato-alveolar, alveo-palatal, alveolo-palatal, and even (especially among English-speakers) palatal. Many insist that palato-alveolar and alveo(lo)-palatal are two different things though they don't agree which is which. "Postalveolar", the official term used by the International Phonetic Association, is unambiguous, not to mention easier to spell.
Palatal
The active articulator is the tongue body and the passive articulator is the hard palate. The English glide [j] is a palatal.
Velar
The active articulator is the tongue body and the passive articulator is the soft palate. English velars include [k], [g].
Uvular
A voiced uvualar trill or fricative (depending on the dialect) is used for the R sound of European French and increasingly in Canadian French. The voiceless uvular stop [q] is used in Arabic.
Pharyngeal
We have seen that a pharyngeal approximant is one of the three gestures that make up an English. It is possible to narrow the pharynx even more to create the radico-pharyngeal fricatives used in.
Glottal
Not strictly a place of articulation so much as a phonation type. English uses the glottal fricative [h] -- in reality, a breathy voiceless articulation of the neighbouring vowels -- as if it were just another consonant. Many languages also use the glottal stop as if it were just another consonant. English doesn't, except in a few odd corners such as the interjection uh-uh. In many dialects of English, it is also common for an voiceless stop in the coda of a syllable to have glottal stop begun just before and overlapping with the closure phase of the higher stop.
The place of articulator when produce consonants sound.
Bilabial : The point of maximum constriction is made by the coming together of the two lips.
Labiodental : The lower lip articulates with the upper teeth.
Dental : The tip of the tongue articulates with the back or bottom of the top teeth.
Alveolar : The tip or the blade of the tongue articulates with the forward part of the alveolar ridge. A sound made with the tip of the tongue here is an apico-alveolar sound; one made with the blade, a lamino-alveolar.
Postalveolar : The tip or the blade of the tongue articulates with the back area of the alveolar ridge.
Palatal : The front of the tongue articulates with the domed part of the hard palate.
Velar : The back of the tongue articulates with the soft palate.
Uvular : The back of the tongue articulates with the very back of the soft palate, including the uvula.
Pharyngeal : The pharynx is constricted by the faucal pillars moving together (lateral compression) and, possibly, by the larynx being raised. "It is largely a sphincteric semi-closure of the oro-pharynx, and it can be learned by tickling the back of the throat, provoking retching" (Catford 1978:163).
Glottal : The vocal folds are brought together; in some cases, the function of the vocal folds can be part of articulation as well as phonation, as in the case of [ ] and [h] in many languages.
Table Place of Articulation of English Consonants
| Bilabial | p | b | m | | | | |
| Labiodental | f | v | | | | | |
| Interdental | T | D | | | | | |
| Alveolar | t | d | n | s | z | l | r |
| Palatal | S | Z | c | ¾ | | | |
| Velar | k | g | N | | | | |
| Glottal | h | | | | | | |
Production of vowels
A vowel is any phoneme in which airflow is impeded only or mostly by the voicing action of the vocal cords. The well-defined fundamental frequency provided by the vocal cords in voiced phonemes is only a convenience, however, not a necessity, since a strictly unvoiced whisper is still quite intelligible. Our interest is therefore most focused on further modulations of and additions to the fundamental tone by other parts of the vocal apparatus, determined by the variable dimensions of oral, pharyngeal, and even nasal cavities.
Several types of articulation can be distinguished. Most sounds are produced with a single point of articulation. Sounds may, however, be produced involving two points of articulation (coarticulation), in which case two articulatory possibilities emerge: the two points of articulation both contribute equally to the identity of the sound (double articulation or co-ordinate coarticulation); or one point of articulation may be the dominant one (the primary (co-articulation), the other having a lesser degree of stricture (the secondary (co-articulation).
While nasality and the state of the glottis are properties of the entire consonant, we have to answer four of the questions separately for each constriction:
1. active articulator
2. passive articulator
3. constriction degree
4. laterality
Multiple articulations are often classified as double articulations and secondary articulations on the basis of whether the two constrictions are equal in degree.
Double articulations
Double articulations are those cases where the two constriction gestures have an equal degree of constriction :both are stops and both are fricatives. Double articulations without their own symbol can be transcribed by giving the symbols for each articulation and putting the tie symbol above them.
Secondary articulations are approximants that are articulated at the same time as a stop or a fricative (or a lateral approximant), which is the primary articulation. Secondary articulations are often closely related to vowels.
The common secondary articulations are:
1. labialization, a simultaneous [w].
2. palatalization, a simultaneous [j].
3. velarization, a simultaneous , symbolized by a superscript Greek letter gamma (the voiced velar fricative).
4. pharyngealization, a simultaneous pharyngeal approximant, symbolized by a superscript (the voiced pharyngeal approximant). Velarization and pharyngealization can also both be marked by a tilde through the consonant, as we have seen in the symbol for the dark L.
Summary
The place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a consonant is the point of contact where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an articulatory gesture, an active articulator (typically some part of the tongue), and a passive location (typically some part of the roof of the mouth). Articulation means how do the sound of the letter or words are produce. All English speech sounds come from the movement of lung air through the vocal tract. The air moves through trachea, up the larynx and pharynx, through the oral or nasal cavity, and out the mouth or nose. Human speech sounds fall into classses according to their phonetic properties. All speech sounds are either consonants and vowels. Consonants have some obstruction of the airstream in the vocal tract, and the location of the vocal obstruction defines their places of articulation, some of which are bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, palatal, veral, uvular, and glottal. neutral configuration: the location of constriction by a passive articulator that lies directly opposite the active one. The sounds of all languages divided into two main classes, consonants and vowles which have their own way how to produce. Human speech organs or instrument consist of several main part, they are lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx, oral cavity and nasal cavity. The air that is used for speech is referred to as an airstream. The possible places of articulation form a continuum along the upper surface of the vocal tract; therefore the places listed above should be seen as arbritary (but conventional) divisions which can be modified if necessary through the use of additional categories.
References for Further reading.
Fromkin. V, Rodman. R, Hyams. N. 2003. An Introduction to Language. Boston, USA: Thomson Wadsworth
Meyer. F. C. 2009. Introducing English Linguistics, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press
Roach. P. 1991. English Phonetics and Phonology, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
Crystal. D. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing.
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